The tuft-tailed spiny tree rat (Lonchothrix emiliae) is a spiny rat species from Brazil south of the Amazon River, where it has been found in grassland and gallery forest. It is the only species in the genus Lonchothrix. Very little is known about this rodent. It is small with an average adult weight of about 138 grams. It is nocturnal and solitary in habits.

The genus and species were described by Oldfield Thomas in 1920. The genus name Lonchothrix derives from the two ancient greek words λόγχη (lónkhē), meaning "spear", and θρίξ, τριχός (thríx, trikhós), meaning "hair".

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