Xyleborus affinis, the sugarcane shot-hole borer, is a species of ambrosia beetle in the family Curculionidae. It is found on all continents with woodlands and is one of the most widespread ambrosia beetles internationally, primarily in areas with humid tropical climates like Florida. Like other ambrosia beetles, Xyleborus affinis is attracted to dead fallen logs in early stages of decay. Due to the presence of X. affinis on moist timber, this species is mistakenly believed to be the cause of tree death. However, there is insufficient evidence to support their presence as a causal factor. Rather, these beetles are believed to target and accelerate the decay process of trees that are already deteriorated and weak.

Similar to other species of ambrosia beetles, Xyleborus affinis lives in symbiosis with ambrosia fungi and dig tunnels (formally known as galleries) into the xylem of decaying trees where the fungus is then grown. Female eggs are laid in these fungus-lined galleries and use the fungus as a food source.

How prominent sexual dimorphism is in this species is highly dependant on temperature conditions during development, with individuals that were reared under high temperatures having less pronounced sexually dimorphic traits than those that were reared under lower temperature conditions.

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